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Regulating emotions takes effort medicine 257 cheap dulcolax online visa, but the ability to do so can have important positive health outcomes symptoms right after conception order cheap dulcolax line. The best antidote for stress is to think positively medicine hat jobs buy genuine dulcolax line, have fun medications for ibs purchase dulcolax now, and enjoy the company of others. People who express optimism, self-efficacy, and hardiness cope better with stress and experience better health overall. After a minimum level of wealth is reached, more money does not generally buy more happiness. Although people think that positive and negative events will make a huge difference in their lives, and although these changes do make at least some difference in life satisfaction, they tend to be less influential than we think they are going to be. Motivations are often considered in psychology in terms of drives and goals, with the goal of maintaining homeostasis. The desire to be thin can lead to eating disorders including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Sex is a fundamental motivation that involves the coordination of a wide variety of behaviors, including courtship, sex, household arrangements, parenting, and child care. The sex hormone testosterone is particularly important for sex drive, in both men and women. Sexual behavior varies widely, not only between men and women but within each sex. The vast majority of human beings have a heterosexual orientation, but a smaller minority is primarily homosexual or bisexual. The love and sexual lives of homosexuals and bisexual are little different from those of heterosexuals, except where their behaviors are constrained by cultural norms and local laws. It was only at the age of 35 that the twins were reunited and discovered how similar they were to each other. The two women met for the first time at a cafй for lunch and talked until the late evening. Looking at this person, you are able to gaze into your own eyes and see yourself from the outside. Elyse and Paula You can learn more about the experiences of Paula Bernstein and Elyse Schein by viewing this video. When we make these statements, we mean that we believe that these people have stable individual characteristics- their personalities. If we can draw accurate generalizations about what other people are normally like, we can predict how they will behave in the future, and this can help us determine how they are likely to respond in different situations. In this chapter we will consider the wide variety of personality traits found in human beings. We will also consider how psychologists measure personality, and the extent to which personality is caused by nature versus nurture. The fundamental goal of personality psychologists is to understand what makes people different from each other (the study of individual differences), but they also find that people who share genes (as do Paula Bernstein and Elyse Schein) have a remarkable similarity in personality. Define and review the strengths and limitations of the trait approach to personality. In the Victorian age, phrenology was taken seriously and many people promoted its use as a source of psychological insight and selfknowledge. Sheldon (1940) [2] argued that people with more body fat and a rounder physique ("endomorphs") were more likely to be assertive and bold, whereas thinner people ("ectomorphs") were more likely to be introverted and intellectual. As with phrenology, scientific research did not validate the predictions of the theory, and somatology has now been discredited in contemporary psychology. Another approach to detecting personality is known as physiognomy, or the idea that it is possible to assess personality from facial characteristics. In contrast to the predictions of physiognomy, the researchers found that these people would have made more accurate judgments about the strangers if they had just guessed, using their expectations about what people in general are like, rather than trying to use the particular facial features of individuals to help them. It seems then that the predictions of physiognomy may also, in the end, find little empirical support. Personality as Traits Personalities are characterized in terms of traits, which are relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations. Personality traits such as introversion, friendliness, conscientiousness, honesty, and helpfulness are important because they help explain consistencies in behavior. The most popular way of measuring traits is by administering personality tests on which people self-report about their own characteristics. Psychologists have investigated hundreds of traits using the self-report approach, and this research has found many personality traits that have important implications for behavior.
Syndromes
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When the hormones released by one gland arrive at receptor tissues or other glands symptoms enlarged prostate purchase dulcolax american express, these receiving receptors may trigger the release of other hormones medicine 75 yellow discount dulcolax 5mg mastercard, resulting in a series of complex chemical chain reactions medications and mothers milk 2014 order discount dulcolax line. The endocrine system works together with the nervous system to influence many aspects of human behavior symptoms ms women discount 5 mg dulcolax visa, including growth, reproduction, and metabolism. Because the glands in men and women differ, hormones also help explain some of the observed behavioral differences between men and women. The pituitary secretes hormones that influence our responses to pain as well as hormones that signal the ovaries and testes to make sex hormones. Because the pituitary has such an important influence on other glands, it is sometimes known as the "master gland. Theadrenal glands produce hormones that regulate salt and water balance in the body, and they are involved in metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function. The most important function of the adrenal glands is to secrete the hormones epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) andnorepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) when we are excited, threatened, or stressed. The male sex glands, known as the testes, secrete a number of hormones, the most important of which is testosterone, the male sex hormone. Testosterone regulates body changes associated with sexual development, including enlargement of the penis, deepening of the voice, growth of facial and pubic hair, and the increase in muscle growth and strength. Recent research has pinpointed some of the important roles of the sex hormones in social behavior. Dabbs, Hargrove, and Heusel (1996) [1] measured the testosterone levels of 240 men who were members of 12 fraternities at two universities. The researchers correlated the testosterone levels and the descriptions of each fraternity. On the other hand, the fraternities with the lowest average testosterone levels were more well behaved, friendly and pleasant, academically successful, and socially responsible. Banks and Dabbs (1996) [2] found that juvenile delinquents and prisoners who had high levels of testosterone also acted more violently, and Tremblay et al. Studies have also shown a positive relationship between testosterone and aggression and related behaviors (such as competitiveness) in women (Cashdan, 2003). In fact, there is evidence that the relationship between violence and testosterone also goes in the other direction: Playing an aggressive game, such as tennis or even chess, increases the testosterone levels of the winners and decreases the testosterone levels of losers (Gladue, Boechler, & McCaul, 1989; Mazur, Booth, & Dabbs, 1992), [5] and perhaps this is why excited soccer fans sometimes riot when their team wins. Recent research has also begun to document the role that female sex hormones may play in reactions to others. At this point you can begin to see the important role the hormones play in behavior. But the hormones we have reviewed in this section represent only a subset of the many influences that hormones have on our behaviors. In the chapters to come we will consider the important roles that hormones play in many other behaviors, including sleeping, sexual activity, and helping and harming others. The sex hormones, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, play an important role in sex differences. What physiological reactions did you experience in the situation, and what aspects of the endocrine system do you think created those reactions? Testosterone, physical aggression, dominance, and physical development in early adolescence. Person perception across the menstrual cycle: Hormonal influences on social-cognitive functioning. Neurons are composed of a soma that contains the nucleus of the cell; a dendrite that collects information from other cells and sends the information to the soma; and a long segmented fiber, known as the axon, which transmits information away from the cell body toward other neurons and to the muscles and glands. An electrical charge moves through the neuron itself, and chemicals are used to transmit information between neurons. Within the neuron, the electrical charge occurs in the form of an action potential. More than 100 chemical substances produced in the body have been identified as neurotransmitters, and these substances have a wide and profound effect on emotion, cognition, and behavior. Drugs that we may ingest may either mimic (agonists) or block (antagonists) the operations of neurotransmitters. The brains of all animals are layered, and generally quite similar in overall form. It controls the most basic functions of life, including breathing, attention, and motor responses. Above the brain stem are other parts of the old brain involved in the processing of behavior and emotions, including the thalamus, the cerebellum, and the limbic system.
A phase I clinical and pharmacological profile of dacarbazine with autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with solid tumors medications causing tinnitus cheap dulcolax 5mg. Pharmacokinetics of 3-methyl-(triazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboximide following administration of temozolomide to patients with advanced cancer medicine vial caps cheap 5mg dulcolax mastercard. Absorption medications contraindicated in pregnancy cheap 5 mg dulcolax overnight delivery, metabolism symptoms in dogs purchase 5mg dulcolax overnight delivery, and excretion of 14C-temozolomide following oral administration to patients with advanced cancer. Glutathione S-transferases in nitrogen mustard-resistant and -sensitive cell lines. Expression of recombinant glutathione S-transferase pi, Ya, or Yb1 confers resistance to alkylating agents. Chemoprotective functions of glutathione S-transferases in cell lines induced to express specific isozymes by stable transfection. Characterization of glutathione conjugates of chlorambucil by fast atom bombardment and thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Characterization of melphalan-glutathione adducts whose formation is catalyzed by glutathione transferases. Laser desorption electron impact: application to a study of the mechanism of conjugation of glutathione and cyclophosphamide. Specificity of isozymes of murine hepatic glutathione S-transferase for the conjugation of glutathione with L-phenylalanine mustard. The spontaneous and glutathione S-transferase-mediated reaction of chlorambucil with glutathione. Involvement of human glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in the conjugation of cyclophosphamide metabolites with glutathione. Immobilized enzyme synthesis and characterization by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Characterization of a chlorambucil-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cell line overexpressing glutathione S-transferase mu. Increased melphalan activity in intracranial human medulloblastoma and glioma xenografts following buthionine sulfoximinemediated glutathione depletion. Phase I study of continuous-infusion L-S,R-buthionine sulfoximine with intravenous melphalan. Isozyme specific glutathione S-transferase inhibitors potentiate drug sensitivity in cultured human tumor cell lines. Activity of melphalan in combination with the glutathione transferase inhibitor sulfasalazine. Atp-dependent transport of glutathione S-conjugates by the multidrug resistance protein Mrp1 and its apical isoform Mrp2. Multidrug resistance protein-mediated transport of chlorambucil and melphalan conjugated to glutathione. Covalent sequestration of melphalan by metallothionein and selective alkylation of cysteines. Covalent sequestration of phosphoramide mustard by metallothioneinan in vitro study. Modulation of resistance to anticancer drugs by inhibition of metallothionein synthesis. Enhancement by O 6-benzyl-N-acetylguanosine derivatives of chloroethylnitrosourea antitumor action in chloroethylnitrosourea-resistant human malignant melanocytes. Phase I trial of O-6-benzylguanine for patients undergoing surgery for malignant glioma. Mechanism of the cytotoxic action of alkylating agents in mammalian cells and evidence for the removal of alkylated groups from deoxyribonucleic acid. Constitutive expression of human Bcl-2 modulates nitrogen mustard and camptothecin induced apoptosis. Reversal of intrinsic and acquired forms of drug resistance by hyaluronidase treatment of solid tumors. Effects of cyclophosphamide and of busulfan on spleen colony-forming units and on hematopoietic stroma.
The brain is wired such that in most cases the left hemisphere receives sensations from and controls the right side of the body symptoms uterine fibroids order dulcolax 5mg amex, and vice versa symptoms 3 days after conception order dulcolax in united states online. Fritsch and Hitzig also found that the movement that followed the brain stimulation only occurred when they stimulated a specific arch-shaped region that runs across the top of the brain from ear to ear treatment restless leg syndrome cheap 5 mg dulcolax visa, just at the front of the parietal lobe (see Figure 3 medications requiring aims testing order dulcolax with a visa. Fritsch and Hitzig had discovered the motor cortex, the part of the cortex that controls and executes movements of the body by sending signals to the cerebellum and the spinal cord. More recent research has mapped the motor cortex even more fully, by providing mild electronic stimulation to different areas of the motor cortex in fully conscious patients while observing their bodily responses (because the brain has no sensory receptors, these patients feel no pain). Thus the hand and fingers have as much area in the cerebral cortex as does the entire trunk of the body. Again, the more sensitive the body region, the more area is dedicated to it in the sensory cortex. Our sensitive lips, for example, occupy a large area in the sensory cortex, as do our fingers and genitals. Thevisual cortex is the area located in the occipital lobe (at the very back of the brain) that processes visual information. The temporal lobe, located on the lower side of each hemisphere, contains the auditory cortex, which is responsible for hearing and language. These association areas are the places in the brain that are responsible for most of the things that make human beings seem human. The association areas are involved in higher mental functions, such as learning, thinking, planning, judging, moral reflecting, figuring, and spatial reasoning. The Brain Is Flexible: Neuroplasticity the control of some specific bodily functions, such as movement, vision, and hearing, is performed in specified areas of the cortex, and if these areas are damaged, the individual will likely lose the ability to perform the corresponding function. Our brains are the most "plastic" when we are young children, as it is during this time that we learn the most about our environment. On the other hand, neuroplasticity continues to be observed even in adults (Kolb & Fantie, 1989). Plasticity is also observed when there is damage to the brain or to parts of the body that are represented in the motor and sensory cortexes. Research Focus: Identifying the Unique Functions of the Left and Right Hemispheres Using Split-Brain Patients We have seen that the left hemisphere of the brain primarily senses and controls the motor movements on the right side of the body, and vice versa. This fact provides an interesting way to studybrain lateralization-the idea that the left and the right hemispheres of the brain are specialized to perform different functions. In this surgery the region that normally connects the two halves of the brain and supports communication between the hemispheres, known as thecorpus callosum, is severed. Because the left and right hemispheres are separated, each hemisphere develops a mind of its own, with its own sensations, concepts, and motivations (Gazzaniga, 2005). By doing so, they assured that-because the two hemispheres had been separated-the image of the shape was experienced only in the right brain hemisphere (remember that sensory input from the left side of the body is sent to the right side of the brain). In split-brain patients, the severed corpus callosum does not permit information to be transferred between hemispheres, which allows researchers to learn about the functions of each hemisphere. In the sample on the left, the split-brain patient could not choose which image had been presented because the left hemisphere cannot process visual information. In the sample on the right the patient could not read the passage because the right brain hemisphere cannot process language. In most people the ability to speak, write, and understand language is located in the left hemisphere. The right hemisphere, on the other hand, has only very limited verbal abilities, and yet it excels in perceptual skills. The right hemisphere is able to recognize objects, including faces, patterns, and melodies, and it can put a puzzle together or draw a picture. Across cultures and ethnic groups, about 90% of people are mainly right-handed, whereas only 10% are primarily lefthanded (Peters, Reimers, & Manning, 2006). The existence of right-handers and left-handers provides an interesting example of the relationship among evolution, biology, and social factors and how the same phenomenon can be understood at different levels of analysis (Harris, 1990; McManus, 2002). Ultrasound scans show that 9 out of 10 fetuses suck the thumb of their right hand, suggesting that the preference is determined before birth (Hepper, Wells, & Lynch, 2005), mechanism of transmission has been linked to a gene on the X chromosome (Jones & Martin, 2000).
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