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Attention should be assessed through observation by noting such behaviors as reciprocal conversation skill cholesterol test interpretation discount 10mg pravachol overnight delivery, time on task cholesterol ranges hdl 10mg pravachol with visa, response time and susceptibility to distraction or environmental change cholesterol lowering foods grapefruit buy pravachol 20 mg with mastercard. Scott behaviors are noted to be within normal limits cholesterol test with only a photo of patient's hand effective pravachol 20 mg, assessment of attention should progress from simple attention to auditory and visual tasks to more demanding tasks requiring sustained attention, rapid shifting of attention and dual processing of information. Many of these tasks can be administered at the bedside for patient screening or brief assessment while other components of attention are better evaluated in a controlled testing environment. This chapter will focus on brief/bedside evaluation of attention and concentration, but for more structured and elaborate attentional assessment the interested reader is referred to Lezak et al. While education does have an impact on performance, age appears to have a minimal effect on digit-span forward (Lezak et al. The range of repetition of digits forward is traditionally considered to be 7 with an approximate standard deviation of 2. Individuals who have speech production problems can be presented with a page with numbers arranged from 0 to 9 and test stimuli either presented aurally or by pointing to numbers. Similar performance levels should be expected as with aural presentation and verbal response. Reverse digit span is a slightly more difficulty task requiring patients to listen to digits presented at a rate of one per second (or view as in the case of visually presented stimuli) and then report the sequence of numbers in reverse order. This task is more demanding in that it not only requires short-term attention, but the storage and manipulation of this information prior to repetition of the digits. In a normal population, the average person should perform one digit less in digits backward than forward. Many other attention span tasks are available that include assessing forward and reverse span including letter span and visual span, and the interested reader is referred to Lezak et al. Assessment of Vigilance Vigilance, or the ability to sustain attention voluntarily, is also critical for successful performance on neuropsychological tests and a prerequisite skill in making meaningful interpretation of subsequent neuropsychological test data. It is especially important to assess vigilance periodically in patients who are acutely injured or otherwise believed to experience fluctuations in attentional capacity. The most direct way to assess vigilance is to ask the patient to perform a task that requires sustaining attention. In the interview, a patient can be asked to point to a series of objects in the room either by mimicking the examiner or by following verbal commands. Such commands or mimicking can include pointing to ceiling, floor, walls, windows, furniture or personal objects in the room. The individual could also be asked to count to 100 or recite the alphabet or read aloud for 60 seconds. The critical element is that the task involves over learned stimuli which require minimal cognitive processing. More formal bedside assessment of vigilance can be conducted using a letter or digit vigilance task (see Table 6. Such tasks require the patient to listen to a series of numbers or letters and respond only to a target letter or number by raising a finger or tapping a table. In such tasks, each number or letter is read at a rate of one per second and performance is evaluated based on omissions errors 158 Table 6. After a patient understands directions, no further assistance is provided during testing J. Scott (failing to detect a target), commission errors (falsely reporting a target as presented) and perseverations of response. These tests typically have a one-to-four response items-to-distracter ratio, and minimal total errors are expected in normally functioning patients aged 6 years old and older. Patients with greater than three total errors should be considered to be impaired. While the assessment of attention should be conducted at the bedside or during interview, assessment of more complex attention and a quantitative assessment of attentional capacities is best done in a formal assessment setting which can control environmental factors and make comparisons to standardized data.
The tapes also varied in that they either (1) showed a smoking teenager or (2) showed a nonsmoking teenager cholesterol medications cheap pravachol 10mg overnight delivery. According to the authors cholesterol definition in spanish purchase pravachol amex, the videotapes did not make the advertisements conspicuous cholesterol chart canada buy cheap pravachol 10mg on line. The Role of the Media Pechmann and Knight 200299 718 9th graders from 4 ethnically diverse California high schools 235 7 cholesterol medication leg cramps best pravachol 10mg. Three levels of advertisement type (cigarette, antismoking, or unrelated to smoking) were used. Students were asked to rate a pictured student who was described as either a smoker or nonsmoker. Students were exposed to (1) magazine advertisements for Newport, Virginia Slims, and Camel or (2) three advertisements unrelated to smoking. Participants were randomly assigned to review for 5 minutes Adolescents who had ever tried smoking and were exposed either (1) a magazine with 4 cigarette advertisements or to cigarette advertisements expressed more positive (2) a magazine without 4 cigarette advertisements. Adolescents exposed to advertisements also rated a woman shown smoking more positively than did adolescents not exposed to advertisements. Pechmann and Ratneshwar96 compared the impact of magazine advertisements for Newport, Virginia Slims, and Camel cigarettes with the effect of three advertisements unrelated to smoking in randomized groups of 304 7th-grade students. The authors prepared a magazine especially for the study by inserting advertisements into the magazine. Exposure to the cigarette advertisements influenced participants to have more positive thoughts about smokers. Donovan and colleagues97 randomly assigned 100 10- to 12-year-olds to see either a photograph of a Benson & Hedges cigarette pack and point-of-sale advertisements for Marlboro or a photograph of a Marlboro pack and Benson & Hedges point-of-sale advertisement. Seeing a point-of-sale advertisement instead of just a picture of a cigarette pack led to more positive descriptions of the brand user. With Benson & Hedges, 10- to 12-year-olds seeing the advertisement rather than just the photograph of the pack were more likely to describe users as relaxed, interesting, rich, and adventurous. Ten- to 12-year olds who saw the Marlboro point-of-sale advertisement rated Marlboro smokers as more adventurous than students who saw only the pack picture. This provides evidence that cigarette advertising influences adolescents to view smokers more positively and fosters peer acceptance for those influenced to smoke. Whether adolescents misattribute the influence of advertisements as an influence Experimental design Students who saw cigarettes advertisements had a greater proportion of positive thoughts about smokers. Seemingly due to this favorable evidence, but in actuality because the cigarette ads drove perceptions to be favorable, youth may gradually come to believe that smokers have desirable traits. Since this process is nonconscious, youngsters may be unable to protect themselves. As predicted, those who saw both cigarette advertisements and adolescents smoking had significantly more positive beliefs about smokers and had a more likely intent to smoke. This is consistent with the Romer and Jamieson14 study of cigarette advertising influencing adolescents to view smoking more favorably, making it more likely peers will accept them if they smoke cigarettes. They found a significant effect of exposure to advertisements and to smokers on beliefs and intentions, even when a student did not recall seeing the advertisements. They write Cigarette advertising can augment the impact of peer smokers by enhancing perceptions of individuals. Youth may mistakenly assume that they have been swayed by smokers, not by ads, because smokers are the more obvious influence agent. Each videotape described students studying advertising and with assignments to videotape advertisements. Videotapes varied in terms of advertisements shown, with four possibilities: (1) four cigarette advertisements, (2) four antismoking advertisements, (3) four cigarette advertisements and one antismoking advertisement, and (4) four control advertisements not involving smoking. The videotapes varied in terms of whether they showed teenagers as smokers or nonsmokers.
The official position of any accused person cholesterol test video order pravachol toronto, whether as Head of state or government or as a responsible government official cholesterol levels normal range uk pravachol 10 mg for sale, shall not relieve such person of criminal responsibility nor mitigate punishment foods to lower cholesterol levels quickly buy cheapest pravachol. The fact that any of the acts referred to in Articles 2 to 4 of the present Statute was committed by a subordinate does not relieve his or her superior of criminal responsibility if he or she knew or had reason to know that the subordinate was about to commit such acts or had done so and the superior failed to take the necessary and reasonable measures to prevent such acts or to punish the perpetrators thereof cholesterol levels vitamin d generic 10 mg pravachol free shipping. The fact that an accused person acted pursuant to an order of a government or of a superior shall not relieve him or her of criminal responsibility, but may be considered in mitigation of punishment if the International Tribunal for Rwanda determines that justice so requires. The temporal jurisdiction of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall extend to a period beginning on 1 January 1994 and ending on 31 December 1994. The International Tribunal for Rwanda and national courts shall have concurrent jurisdiction to prosecute persons for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda and Rwandan citizens for such violations committed in the territory of the neighbouring States, between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994. The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the primacy over the national courts of all States. At any stage of the procedure, the International Tribunal for Rwanda may formally request national courts to defer to its competence in accordance with the present Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. No person shall be tried before a national court for acts constituting serious violations of international humanitarian law under the present Statute, for which he or she has already been tried by the International Tribunal for Rwanda. A person who has been tried before a national court for acts constituting serious violations of international humanitarian law may be subsequently tried by the International Tribunal for Rwanda only if: (a) the act for which he or she was tried was characterised as an ordinary crime; or (b) the national court proceedings were not impartial or independent, were designed to shield the accused from international criminal responsibility, or the case was not diligently prosecuted. In considering the penalty to be imposed on a person convicted of a crime under the present Statute, the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall take into account the extent to which any penalty imposed by a national court on the same person for the same act has already been served. The Chambers shall be composed of a maximum of sixteen permanent independent judges, no two of whom may be nationals of the same State, and a maximum at any one time of nine ad litem independent judges appointed in accordance with article 12 ter, paragraph 2, of the present Statute, no two of whom may be nationals of the same State. A section of a Trial Chamber shall have the same powers and responsibilities as a Trial Chamber under the present Statute and shall render judgement in accordance with the same rules. A person who for the purposes of membership of the Chambers of the International Tribunal for Rwanda could be regarded as a national of more than one State shall be deemed to be a national of the State in which that person ordinarily exercises civil and political rights. Qualification and election of judges the permanent and ad litem judges shall be persons of high moral character, impartiality and integrity who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices. From the nominations received the Security Council shall establish a list of not less than twenty-two and not more than thirty-three candidates, taking due account of the adequate representation on the International Tribunal for Rwanda of the principal legal systems of the world; (d) the President of the Security Council shall transmit the list of candidates to the President of the General Assembly. From that list the General Assembly shall elect eleven permanent judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. Should two candidates of the same nationality obtain the required maj ority vote, the one who received the higher number of votes shall be considered elected. In the event of a vacancy in the Chambers amongst the permanent judges elected or appointed in accordance with this article, after consultation with the Presidents of the Security Council and of the General Assembly, the Secretary-General shall appoint a person meeting the qualifications of article 12 of the present Statute, for the remainder of the term of office concerned. The terms and conditions of service shall be those of the permanent judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall be elected by the General Assembly from a list submitted by the Security Council, in the following manner: (a) the Secretary-General shall invite nominations for ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda from States Members of the United Nations and non-member States maintaining permanent observer missions at United Nations Headquarters; (b) Within sixty days of the date of the invitation of the Secretary-General, each State may nominate up to four candidates meeting the qualifications set out in article 12 of the present Statute, taking into account the importance of a fair representation of female and male candidates; (c) the Secretary-General shall forward the nominations received to the Security Council. From the nominations received the Security Council shall establish a list of not less than thirty-six candidates, taking due account of the adequate representation of the principal legal systems of the world and bearing in mind the importance of equitable geographical distribution; (d) the President of the Security Council shall transmit the list of candidates to the President of the General Assembly. From that list the General Assembly shall elect the eighteen ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. The candidates who receive an absolute majority of the votes of the States Members of the United Nations and of the non-member States maintaining permanent observer missions at United Nations Headquarters shall be declared elected; (e) the ad litem judges shall be elected for a term of four years. During their term, ad litem judges will be appointed by the Secretary-General, upon request of the President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, to serve in the Trial Chambers for one or more trials, for a cumulative period of up to , but not including, three years. When requesting the appointment of any particular ad litem judge, the President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall bear in mind the criteria set out in article 12 of the present Statute regarding the composition of the Chambers and sections of the Trial Chambers, the considerations set out in paragraphs 1 (b) and (c) above and the number of votes the ad litem judge received in the General Assembly. During the period in which they are appointed to serve in the International Tribunal for Rwanda, ad litem judges shall: (a) Benefit from the same terms and conditions of service mutatis mutandis as the permanent judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda; (b) Enjoy, subject to paragraph 2 below, the same powers as the permanent judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda; (c) Enjoy the privileges and immunities, exemptions and facilities of a judge of the International Tribunal for Rwanda; (d) Enjoy the power to adjudicate in pre-trial proceedings in cases other than those that they have been appointed to try. During the period in which they are appointed to serve in the International Tribunal for Rwanda, ad litem judges shall not: (a) Be eligible for election as, or to vote in the election of, the President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda or the Presiding Judge of a Trial Chamber pursuant to article 13 of the present Statute; (b) Have power: (i) (ii) To adopt rules of procedure and evidence pursuant to article 14 of the present Statute. International criminal law To consult with the President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda in relation to the assignment of judges pursuant to article 13 of the present Statute or in relation to a pardon or commutation of sentence pursuant to article 27 of the present Statute. The permanent judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall elect a President from amongst their number. The President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall be a member of one of its Trial Chambers. After consultation with the permanent judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, the President shall assign two of the permanent judges elected or appointed in accordance with article 12 bis of the present Statute to be members of the Appeals Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and eight to the Trial Chambers of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. Notwithstanding the provisions of article 11, paragraph 1, and article 11, paragraph 3, the President may assign to the Appeals Chamber up to four additional permanent judges serving in the Trial Chambers, on the completion of the cases to which each judge is assigned.
The inspection team shall also be briefed on the availability of facility personnel and records cholesterol lowering foods order pravachol 20mg amex. After the pre-inspection briefing cholesterol hazards 20mg pravachol with amex, the inspection team shall prepare cholesterol ratio defined purchase pravachol australia, on the basis of the information available and appropriate to it foods avoid low cholesterol diet buy 10 mg pravachol visa, an initial inspection plan which specifies the activities to be carried out by the inspection team, including the specific areas of the site to which access is desired. The inspection plan shall also specify whether the inspection team will be divided into subgroups. The inspection plan shall be made available to the representatives of the inspected State Party and the inspection site. Its implementation shall be consistent with the provisions of Section C, including those related to access and activities. The perimeter activities of the inspection team may be conducted within a band around the outside of the perimeter up to 50 metres in width measured outward from the perimeter. If the inspected State Party agrees, the inspection team may also have access to any building or structure within the perimeter band. For declared facilities, at the discretion of the inspected State Party, the band could run inside, outside, or on both sides of the declared perimeter. The inspected State Party shall provide access within the requested perimeter as well as, if different, the final perimeter. The extent and nature of access to a particular place or places within these perimeters shall be negotiated between the inspection team and the inspected State Party on a managed access basis. The inspected State Party shall provide access within the requested perimeter as soon as possible, but in any case not later than 108 hours after the arrival of the inspection team at the point of entry in order to clarify the concern regarding possible non-compliance with this Convention raised in the inspection request. Upon the request of the inspection team, the inspected State Party may provide aerial access to the inspection site. In meeting the requirement to provide access as specified in paragraph 38, the inspected State Party shall be under the obligation to allow the greatest degree of access taking into account any constitutional obligations it may have with regard to proprietary rights or searches and seizures. The inspected State Party has the right under managed access to take such measures as are necessary to protect national security. The provisions in this paragraph may not be invoked by the inspected State Party to conceal evasion of its obligations not to engage in activities prohibited under this Convention. If the inspected State Party provides less than full access to places, activities, or information, it shall be under the obligation to make every reasonable effort to provide alternative means to clarify the possible non-compliance concern that generated the challenge inspection. In carrying out the challenge inspection in accordance with the inspection request, the inspection team shall use only those methods necessary to provide sufficient relevant facts to clarify the concern about possible non-compliance with the provisions of this Convention, and shall refrain from activities not relevant thereto. It shall collect and document such facts as are related to the possible non-compliance with this Convention by the inspected State Party, but shall neither seek nor document information which is clearly not related thereto, unless the inspected State Party expressly requests it to do so. Any material collected and subsequently found not to be relevant shall not be retained. The inspection team shall be guided by the principle of conducting the challenge inspection in the least intrusive manner possible, consistent with the effective and timely accomplishment of its mission. Wherever possible, it shall begin with the least intrusive procedures it deems acceptable and proceed to more intrusive procedures only as it deems necessary. The inspection team shall take into consideration suggested modifications of the inspection plan and proposals which may be made by the inspected State Party, at whatever stage of the inspection including the pre-inspection briefing, to ensure that sensitive equipment, information or areas, not related to chemical weapons, are protected. The inspected State Party shall designate the perimeter entry/exit points to be used for access. The inspection team and the inspected State Party shall negotiate: the extent of access to any particular place or places within the final and requested perimeters as provided in paragraph 48; the particular inspection activities, including sampling, to be conducted by the inspection team; the performance of particular activities by the inspected State Party; and the provision of particular information by the inspected State Party. In conformity with the relevant provisions in the Confidentiality Annex the inspected State Party shall have the right to take measures to protect sensitive installations and prevent disclosure of confidential information and data not related to chemical weapons. Such measures may include, inter alia: (a) Removal of sensitive papers from office spaces; (b) Shrouding of sensitive displays, stores, and equipment; (c) Shrouding of sensitive pieces of equipment, such as computer or electronic systems; (d) Logging off of computer systems and turning off of data indicating devices; (e) Restriction of sample analysis to presence or absence of chemicals listed in Schedules 1, 2 and 3 or appropriate degradation products; (f) Using random selective access techniques whereby the inspectors are requested to select a given percentage or number of buildings of their choice to inspect; the same principle can apply to the interior and content of sensitive buildings; (g) In exceptional cases, giving only individual inspectors access to certain parts of the inspection site. The inspected State Party shall make every reasonable effort to demonstrate to the inspection team that any object, building, structure, container or vehicle to which the inspection team has not had full access, or which has been protected in accordance with paragraph 48, is not used for purposes related to the possible non-compliance concerns raised in the inspection request. This may be accomplished by means of, inter alia, the partial removal of a shroud or environmental protection cover, at the discretion of the inspected State Party, by means of a visual inspection of the interior of an enclosed space from its entrance, or by other methods. The observer shall have the right throughout the period of inspection to be in communication with the embassy of the requesting State Party located in the inspected State Party or in the Host State or, in the case of absence of an embassy, with the requesting State Party itself. The observer shall have the right to arrive at the alternative or final perimeter of the inspection site, wherever the inspection team arrives first, and to have access to the inspection site as granted by the inspected State Party. The observer shall have the right to make recommendations to the inspection team, which the team shall take into account to the extent it deems appropriate. Throughout the inspection, the inspection team shall keep the observer informed about the conduct of the inspection and the findings.
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